Theoretical Concepts used in Bodymind Integration are derived from....

• Integrative and Transcultural Medicine - different pre-modern medical systems.
  • We use a rotating “poly-ray cosmology” - e.g. 2 elements (Yin/Yang); 3 doshas (Ayurveda - Kapha, Pitta, Vata); Hippocrates 4 elements water, air, fire and earth; Chinese Medicine and The Five Elements; etc. (Depending on the capacity for integration one can move up to a 10-ray system, like the Jewish Kabbalah, mapping the conditions of human consciousness and character.
• Classical Hippocratic “Character medicine” (Hippocrates (460-377 BCE) :
  • “Know Thyself”; “balancing the elements of one’s character” -
  • this notion of character is known to be closely related to the idea of “human resources”.
• Existentialism: The Humanistic thoughts of S. Kierkegaard (1813-1855) and F. Nietszche (1844-1900)
  • focus on “hjaelpekunst” (Kierkegaard - Danish: “the art of helping”)
  • the „awakening of the individual”
  • the confrontation with the myriad of „self-soothing defenses” by which individuals preserve their „sleepy complacency”
  • the transformation of all values into authentic values, the realisation of the human capacity to create the shape of one’s own life.
• Phenomenology (Husserl, Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty, Binswanger, Boss, Laing,…), we integrate in the training that:
  • the human being is a “being-in-the-world”, that is, as an entity whose very fabric involves an immersion and openness to the surrounding world
  • the body is the primary site of knowing the world
  • the body and that which is perceived cannot be disentangled from each other
  • through intentionality human beings “co-create” phenomena, rather than just passively register what is there
• The Thesis of Dialogical Existence, developed by Martin Buber.  We integrate  in our work the idea that:
  • within the unfolding relationship of an ‘I’ to a ‘Thou’, the human person is born and unfolds to its full potential. When one human being addresses another human being as an “it,” both the other and oneself are diminished
• The concepts developed by C.G. Jung. We integrate in the training:
  • the collective unconscious and the archetypes (animus; anima; persona(e), shadow, the self….)◦   the postulate of the reality of the soul
  • the process of individuation as a lifelong process of psychic growth, becoming and realization of the self.
  • the vision in which psychic suffering is not reduced to a pathology, but is seen as a passage in the process of individuation of the individual
• Kurt Goldstein’s Holistic Theory of Organism. We apply:
  • the figure-ground principle from perception to the whole organism, presuming that the whole organism serves as the ground for the individual stimulus forming the figure.
• Kurt Lewin’s Field Theory. In agreement with this theory, we suggest that neither nature (inborn tendencies) nor nurture (how experiences in life shape individuals) alone can account for individual’s behavior and personalities, but rather that both nature and nurture interact to shape each person.
• The Gestalt-psychology / therapy of Frederick Perls et al.:
  • the existential dimension and the notion of the present „here-and-now”,
  • the existentialist responsibility for one’s own choices as well as many creative means that are useful help in dealing with conflict situations, inner disunity and fragmentation.
• Wilhelm Reich (and diverse post-reichian developments (Alexander Lowen’s Bio-Energetic Analysis, John Pierrakos’ Core-Energetics, Stephen Johnsons additions on Character Analysis, Stanley Keleman’s Formative Psychology, etc.):
  • the notion that the body is the living memory of the experience and family heredity, as well as keeper of withheld wounding and hereditary suffering. Specialized and original work is done with what in this tradition is called character armoring. A spiritual dimension is recognized herein.
• The Concepts and Practices developed by Somatic Practitioners like Elisabeth Dicke (Bindegewebsmassage), Ida Rolf (Structural Integration): a protocol for releasing chronic myofascial contractions, Tom Myers (Anatomy Trains: detailed anatomical insights of myfascial meridians), etc. the practical know-how and know-where of deep holistic bodywork, and from Somatic Disciplines like Alexander Technique, Feldenkrais’ Functional Integration, Judith Aston Patterning, Bioenergetics, Yoga, Eastern traditions: 1) work with acupressure points and Chinese 5-elements theory for stimulating, sedating, self-regulating, etc. purposes 2) certain techniques to work with ‘fine energy’, based on polarity therapy., etc.)
• J. Moreno (Psychodrama), Virginia Satir (Family Reconstruction and Sculpting), Albert Pesso (PBSP), Jack Painter (Bodymind Drama), and others:
  • the use of dramatization, roleplaying and dramatic self-presentation to investigate and gain insight into ones life. A variety of action methods may lead to enactment, depicting, for example, memories of specific happenings in the client’s past, unfinished situations, inner dramas, fantasies, dreams, preparations for future risk-taking situations, or unrehearsed expressions of mental state in the here and now. These scenes either approximate real-life situations or are externalizations of inner mental processes. Other members of the group may become auxiliaries, and support the protagonist by playing other significant roles in the scene in specified ways.
• The field of Transpersonal Psychology:
  • the notion of "development beyond conventional, personal or individual levels": the exploration of "experiences in which the sense of identity or self extends beyond (trans) the individual or personal to encompass wider aspects of humankind, life, psyche or cosmos".
• Other fields of influence are:
  • Inter-subjectivity (Relational Psychoanalysis (e.g. Daniel Stern), Applied to newborn infants (e.g. Colwyn Trevarthen ), theory of embodied simulation (Vittorio Gallese – mirror neurons)
  • Modern Somatic Psychotherapies (e.g. Sensorimotor Psychotherapy (Pat Ogden), Somatic Experiencing (Peter Levine), NARM (Laurence Heller)
  • Acceptance and Commitment therapy
  • Strengths based therapy (e.g. emotionally focused therapy, play therapy, narrative therapy
  • Elements of CBT
  • Affective Neurosciences: Stephen Porges' Polyvagal Theory, Jaak Panksepp's work on Basic Emotional Systems, Core-Self, Dan Siegel's Mindsight, etc.
  • Trauma Theories stressing the importance of working with the body - derived from Bessel van der Kolk, Peter Levine, Pat Ogden, etc.
  •  ‘Mindfulness’
  •  Contemporary relational themes in counseling and psychotherapy
  • Cranio-Sacral therapy
• Raffaele Cascone, in the collective book "Transforming the Self with Bodymind Integration"* suggests that P.I. may be further improved by taking in consideration and integrating :
  •  Chaos Theory (Ilya Prigogine, Isabelle Stengers – Order out of chaos)
  • Vinciane Despret's psychology and philosophy,
  • the current shift of focus in the scientific world from genetics to epigenetics and to epigenetic reprogramming;
  • the shift from Hans Selye’s old stress concept to Henri Laborit's discovery of the inhibition of action syndrome (l'inhibition de l'action) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hD7lMDXDvt8) and to behavioral epigenetics,
  • the discovery of the social engagement system. (see e.g. The listening project) (S.W. Porges)
  •  the anticholinergic anti-inflammatory reflex (K.J. Tracey)
• Of influence is also Aaron Antonovsky’s (1923-1994) concept of “salutogenesis” as formulated in his theory of “sense of coherence”, which states that the healthy person has a sense of coherence – inwards towards life and inner self making him alive, and outwards towards the world, making him real. Being alive and real is what a sound person is, and loss of health is loss of the sense of coherence making the person emotionally dead, mentally delusional, and spiritually aloof.
• Broader descriptive terms for this work are: humanistic, holistic, integrative, existential and trans-personal.

References: 

• Antonovsky, A. (1985) Health, stress and coping. Jossey-Bass, London.
• Antonovsky, A. (1987) Unravelling the mystery of health. How people manage stress and stay well. Jossey-Bass, San Franscisco.
• Aposhyan, S. (2004). Body-mind psychotherapy. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
• Baldwin, Michele. (2000). Interview with Carl Rogers on the use of self in therapy. In The use of self in therapy, edited by Michele Baldwin (New York: Haworth Press): 29-38.
• Bailey, Kenneth D. (1990). Social Entropy Theory. Albany, New York: SUNY
• Bateson, G. (1979). Mind and nature. A necessary unity. Toronto: Bantam Books, 1988.
• Bateson, G., & Mead, M. (1947). Balinese character. A photographic analysis. New York: Special publication of the New York Academy of Sciences.
• Berceli, D. (2005). Trauma releasing exercises. South Carolina: Global Book Publishers
• Bergson, H. (1922). Duration and Simultaneity, Cortina Publisher.
• Bertalanffy, Ludwig von. (1967). Robots, Men and Minds: Psychology In the Modern World. New York: Braziller.
• — — — (1968). General Systems Theory. New York: Braziller.
• Bohm, David. (1996). On Dialogue. Edited by Lee Nichol. New York: Routledge.
• Bohm, David. (1998). Unfolding Meaning. New York: Routledge.
• Bowlby, J. (1997/ original 1969).  Attachment and Loss, Vol 1.  London: Pimlico.
• Braatøy, T.F. (1954). Fundamentals of psychoanalytic technique. New York: Wiley.
• Breuer, J. S Freud, S. (1985) Studies in hysteria. New York: Nervous and Mental Disease Publishing Company, 1936. Published in German.
• Buber, M. (1947/2002). Between Man and Man. London: Routledge Classics.
• Campbell, J. (Ed.) (1971) The portable Jung. New York: Viking Press.
• Cascone, R. (2012) Biology, psychotherapy and somatic ecology. Postural Integration after Jack Painter. In : R. Erken & B. Schlage (Eds.), Transformation of the Self with Bodymind Integration, Holzinger
• Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1991) Flow. The psychology of optimal experience. Harper Collins, New York.
• Damasio, A. (1994). Descartes’ error: Emotion, reason and the human brain. New York: Putnam Books.
• Damasio, A. (2003). Looking for Spinoza. Joy, Sorrow and the Feeling Brain. Orlando, FL: Harcourt Books.
• Vinciane Despret*, The Body We Care For: figures of anthropo-zoo-genesis http://vincianedespret.blogspot.com/2010/04/body-we-care-for-figures-ofanthropo.html
• Epstein, Mark. (1995). Thoughts without a thinker. New York: Basic Books.
• – – –. (1999). Going to pieces without falling apart. New York: Broadway Books.
• Erken, R & Schlage, B. (Eds.) (2012), Transformation of the Self with Bodymind Integration, Holzinger
• Ferensjczi, S. (1920). The Further development of active therapy. In: Further Contributions to the Theory and Technique of Psychoanalysis: 198–216. London: Hogarth, 1950.
• Feuerstein, G. (1992) Holy Madness. Spirituality, crazy-wise teachers and enlightenment. Arkana, London.
• Fogel, A. (2009). The Psychophysiology of Self-Awareness. New York, NY: W.W. Norton.
• Frankl, Victor. (1969). The Will to Meaning. Cleveland: New American Library
• Freud, S. (1965) The interpretation of dreams. Basic Books, New York. First published in 1900.
• Gadamer, H. (2003) Truth and method. New York: Continuum.
• Gendlin, E. T. (1969). Focusing. Psychother. Theory Res. Pract. 6, 4–15. doi: 10.1037/h0088716
• Glasser, W. (1965). Reality Therapy. A new approach to psychiatry. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers.
• Goldstein, K. (1939). The organism. New York: Zone Books, 2000.
• Grof, S. Realms of the human unconscious: Observations from LSD research. New York: Viking Press, 197 5.
• Groddeck, G. (1931) Massage and psychotherapy. In L. Schacht (ed.) The Meaning of Illness: Selected Psycho-analytic Writings by Georg Groddeck. London: Maresfield Library, 1997.
• Grof, S. (1988). The adventure of self-discovery: dimensions of consciousness and new perspectives in psychotherapy and inner exploration. Albany: State University of New York Press pp 194-1
• Gümbel, Dietrich, Ph.D. (1993), Principles of holistic therapy with herbal essences, 2nd English Edition, HAUG INTERNATIONAL, Brussels, Belgium. 1st-3rd German edition 1984-1989.
• Husserl, Edmund, (1999).Statis and Genetic Phenomenological Method in The Essential Husserl, edited by Donn Welton. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
• Huxley, A. (1954) The doors of perception and heaven and hell. New York: Harper S Row.
• James, W. (1902). The varieties of religious experience. Electronic edition published by The Anonymous Press.*
• Jones, E. (1961) The life and works of Sigmund Freud. Basic Books, New York.
• Jones, W.H.S. (1923–1931) Hippocrates. Vol. I–IV. William Heinemann, London
• Jung, C.G. (1964) Man and His Symbols. Anchor Press, New York.
• Jung, C.G. Memories, dreams and reflections. New York: Random House, 1961.
• Kierkegaard, S.A. (1983) The sickness unto death. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J.
• Koestler, A. (1968). The ghost in the machine. New York: Macmillan.
• Kolk, van der, B. A. (2014), The Body Keeps the Score: Mind, Brain and Body in the Transformation of Trauma. London: Penguin Books.
• Korzibsky, A. (1935) Science and sanity,
• Krishnamurti, J. (1981) The Wholeness of Life. London: HarperCollins
• Kuhn, T. S. (1970) The structure of scientific revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Laborit, H.  (1979, 1986) L’inhibition de l’action, Masson, Paris
• Lacan, J. (1982). Feminine sexuality. New York: Norton.
• Laing, R. D. (1969). The divided self. New York: Pantheon.
• Lake, M. (1991). Native healer. Wheaton, Ill.: Quest.
• Lakoff, G. (1987). Women, fire and dangerous things. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
• Lakoff, G., and M. Johnson. (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
• Lakoff, R. (1975). Language and woman's place. New York: Octagon Books.
• Laszlo, Ervin. (1972). New York: Braziller.
• Levin, M. (1979). Metaphysics and the mind-body problem. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
• Levine, P. A., & Frederick, A. (1997). Waking the tiger: Healing trauma - the innate capacity to transform overwhelming experiences. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books,U.S.
• Levine, P. A., & Maté, G. (2010). In an unspoken voice: How the body releases trauma and restores goodness. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books,U.S.
• Lévi-Strauss, C. (1966). The savage mind. London: Weidenfeld.
• – – – 1972. Structural anthropology. New York: Penguin Books.
• Lewin, Kurt. (1959). Field theory in social science. London: Tavistock Publications.
• Lewontin, R. 1983. The organism as the subject and object of evolution. Scientia 118:63-82.
• Locke, J. (1990). A letter concerning toleration. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books.
• – – – 1990. Second treatise on civil government. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books.
• Loevinger, J.(1977). Ego development. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
• Lovejoy, A. 1964 (1936). The great chain of being. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press.
• Lovelock, J. (1988). The ages of Gaia. New York: Norton.
• Lowen, A. (1975). Bioenergetics. Harmonsworth: Penguin.
• Loy, D. (1989). Non-Duality. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press.
• Mahler, M. (1968). On human symbiosis and the vicissitudes of individuation. New York: IUP.
• Mahler, M.; F.Pine; and A. Bergman. (1975). The psychological birth of the human infant. New York: Basic Books.
• Mahrer, A. R. (2004b). Theories of truth, models of usefulness: Toward a revolution in the field of psychotherapy. London: Whurr.
• Marcuse, H. (1955). Eros and civilization. Boston: Beacon Press.
• Maslow, A. (1954) Motivation and personality. New York: Harper.
• Maslow, A. (1962) Toward a psychology of being. New York: Van Nostrand.
• Maslow, A. 1971. The farther reaches of human nature. New York: Viking.
• Masterson, J. (1981). The narcissistic and borderline disorders. New York: Bruner/ Mazel.
• – – – (1988). The search for the real self. New York: Free Press.
• Maturana, H., and F. Varela. 1992. The tree of knowledge. Rev. ed. Boston:
• Medina, Angel. "Heidegger, Lacan and the Boundaries of Existence: Whole and Partial Subjects in Psychoanalysis. II Man and World, 18 (1985): 389-403.
• Merleau-Ponty, M. 1962. Phenomenology of perception. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
• – – – 1963. The structure of behavior. Boston: Beacon.
• Naranjo, C. (1973) The healing journey—new approaches to consciousness. New York: Random House.
• Nietzsche, F. 1965. The portable Nietzsche. Ed. W. Kaufmann. New York: Viking.
• – – – 1968. Basic writings of Nietzsche. Trans, and ed. W. Kaufmann. New York: Modern Library.
• Norris, C. 1987. Derrida. London: Fontana.
• Ogden, P., Minton, K., Pain, C., & Siegel, D. J., Bessel A. van der Kolk (2007). Trauma and the body: A Sensorimotor approach to psychotherapy (1st ed.). New York, NY: Norton, W. W. & Company.
• Painter, J[ack] W. Deep Bodywork and Personal Development. Bodymind Books, 1987
• Painter, J[ack] W. A Technical Manual of Deep Bodywork. Bodymind Books, 1987
• Painer, J[ack] W.  Basic questions to assess the scientific validity of a psychotherapeutic modality. 
• Perls, F[rederick] S. (1976). The Gestalt approach and eye witness to therapy. New York: Bantam Books.
• Perls, Frederick, Ralph Hefferline, and Paul Goodman. (1994). Gestalt therapy: Excitement and growth in human personality. Highland, NY: Gestalt Journal Press.
• Plato. (1973). Phaedrus and letters VII & VIII. Trans. W. Hamilton. New York:
• Polster, Erving, & Polster, Miriam. (1973). Gestalt therapy integrated: Contours of theory and practice. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
• Porges, S. W. (2009). The polyvagal theory: new insights into adaptive reactions of the autonomic nervous system. Cleve Clin. J. Med. 76(Suppl. 2), S86–S90. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.76.s2.17
• Prigogine, Ilja and Paul Glansdorff, (1971) Thermodynamic Theory of Structure, Stability and Fluctuations, Wiley, New York.
• Prigogine, I. (1980). From being to becoming. San Francisco: Freeman.
• Prigogine, I., and I. Stengers. (1984). Order out of chaos. New York: Bantam.
• Putnam, H. (1987). The faces of realism. LaSalle, Ill.: Open Court.
• – – 1988. Representation and reality. Cambridge: MIT Press.
• Reich, W. (1961).  The Function of the Orgasm.  New York: Farrer, Straus, Giroux.  (Original work published 1942).
• Reich, W. (1970).  Character Analysis. New York: Farrer, Straus, Giroux.  (Original work published 1949).
• Reich, W. (1983). The Source of the Human “No” in Children of the Future. New York: Farrer, Straus and Giroux.
• Ricoeur, Paul. (1979) "The Human Experience of Time and Narrative.” Research in Phenomenology, 9 (1979): !7-34.
• – – –."Narrative Time.(1980) “ In On Narrative. Edited by W. J. T. Mitchell. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• – – –."Phenomenology and Hermeneutics." ( 1981) In Hermeneutics and the Human Sciences. Edited by John Thompson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• – – –. Time and Narrative. 3 vols. Translated by K. McLaughlin and D. Pellaner. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984-6.
• Rogers, C. (1951) Client-centered therapy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
• Rogers, C. (1961) On becoming a person. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
• Rorty, R. (1991). Philosophy and the mirror of nature. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
• Rothschild, B. (2000). The body remembers: The Psychophysiology of trauma and trauma treatment (1st ed.). New York: Norton, W. W. & Company.
• Rousseau, J. (1983). The essential Rousseau. New York: Meridian.
• Rowan, J. (1990). Subpersonalities. London: Routledge.
• – – – (1993). The transpersonal. London: Routledge.
• Sartre, J.P. (2002) Being and nothingness. London: Routledge, London,
• Satir, Virginia. (2000). The therapist story. In The use of self in therapy, edited by Michele Baldwin (New York: Haworth Press): 17-27.
• Schopenhauer, A. (1969). The world as will and representation. 2 vols. New York: Dover.
• Schore, A. (1994). Affect Regulation and the Origin of the Self. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
• Schore, Allan, Affect Dysregulation and the Disorders of the Self, Norton, 2003.
• Schore, A. N. (2012). The science of the art of psychotherapy (1st ed.). New York: Norton, W. W. & Company.
• Schultz, J. H. (1932). Autogenic training: A psycho-physiologic approach in psycho-therapy. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1959.
• Searles, H.F. (1965) Oedipal Love in the countertransference. In: Searles, H.F., ed. Collected papers of schizophrenia and related subjects. Int. Univ. Press, New York, 284-285.
• Searles, H. (1960). The nonhuman environment in normal development and in schizophrenia. New York: IUP.
• Selye, H. (1978). The stress of life, 2nd edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Siegel, Daniel, The Developing Mind, Guildford Press, 1999.
• Smuts, J. C. (1926). Holism and Evolution New York: The Macmillan Company
• Spence, J., and R. Helmreich. (1978). Masculinity and feminity. Austin: Univ. of Texas Press.
• Spengler, O. (1939). The decline of the West. New York: Knopf.
• Spinoza, B. de. (1677). Ethics (E. Curley, Trans.). Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1996.
• Spinoza, B. (1985). The collected works of Spinoza. Princeton: Princeton Univ.
• Stengers Isabelle, (1997) Cosmopolitiques - Tome 7: pour en finir avec la tolérance, La Découverte-Les Empêcheurs de penser en rond, Paris.
• Stern, D. N. (1985). The interpersonal world of the infant. A view from psychoanalysis and developmental psychology. London: Karnack Ltd., 2003.
• Stern, D. N. (1998). The Motherhood Constellation. London: Karnak books.
• Sullivan, H. (1953). The interpersonal theory of psychiatry. New York: Norton.
• Suzuki, D. T. (1959). Zen and Japanese culture. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press.
• Tart, C. T. (1975). States of consciousness. New York: Dutton.
• – – – (1986). Waking up. Boston: Shambhala.
• – – – (1989). Open mind, discriminating mind. San Francisco: Harper.
• – – –, ed. (1992). Transpersonal psychologies. New York: Harper Collins.
• Toynbee, A. (1972). A study of history. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
• Trevarthen, C. and Aitken, K. J. (2001). Infant Intersubjectivity: Research, Theory and Clinical Applications, J. Child Psychol. Vol. 42, No 1, 3-48.
• Trevarthen, C. (2004). Intimate Contact from Birth.  In White, K.(Ed.). Touch, Attachment and the Body, (pp. 1-16).  London: Karnac.
• Teilhard de Chardin, P. (1961). The phenomenon of man. New York: Harper Torchbooks.
• – – – (1964). The future of man. New York: Harper Torchbooks.
• Tillich, P. (1967). A history of Christian thought. New York: Simon & Schuster.
• Tronick, Ed, The Neurobehavioral and Social-Emotional Development of Infants and Children, 2007.
• Varela, F. (1979). Principles of biological autonomy. New York: North Holland.
• Varela, F.; E. Thompson; and E. Rosch. (1993). The embodied mind. Cambridge: MIT Press.
• Von Bertalanffy, L. (1968). Organismic Psychology and Systems Theory, 1966 Heinz Werner lecture series, vol. 1. Worcester: Clark University Press.
• Waldrop, M. (1992). Complexity. New York: Simon & Schuster.
• Watts, A. (1968). Myth and ritual in Christianity. Boston: Beacon.
• – – – (1972). The supreme identity. New York: Vintage.
• – – – (1975). Tao: The watercourse way. New York: Pantheon.
• Weil, A. (1972). The natural mind. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
• Whitehead, A. N. (1929). Process and reality: An essay in cosmology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Whitehead, A. 1957 (1929). Process and reality. New York: Macmillan.
• – – – (1966). Modes of thought. New York: Macmillan.
• – – – (1967). Adventures of ideas. New York: Macmillan.
• – – – (1967). Science and the modern world. New York: Macmillan.
• Wilber, K. (2000) Integral psychology: Consciousness, spirit, psychology, therapy. LA: Shambhala.
• Winnicott, D. (1958). Collected papers. New York: Basic Books.
• Wilber, Ken. (1996). A brief history of everything. Boston: Shambhala.
• Wittgenstein, L., & Barrett, C. (2007). Ludwig Wittgenstein: Lectures and Conversations on Aesthetics, Psychology and Religious Belief. Oakland: University of California Press.
• Wittgenstein, L. (1953). Philosophical investigations. London: Basil Blackwell.
• Yalom, I.D. (1980) Existential psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books.